CHRISTABELLA, JOHANA LANNA (2016) EVALUATION OF TWO BIOMARKERS: GLUTATHIONE (GSH) AND LYSOSOMAL DESTABILIZATION (LyD) FOR DETECTING COPPER (Cu) AND CADMIUM (Cd) ACCUMULATION IN MILKFISH (Chanos chanos). Other thesis, Unika Soegijapranata Semarang.

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Abstract

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is one of the most cultured fish in coastal ponds. Higher risk of pollutant as a result of waste disposal from industrial might be a threat to cultured fish, particularly milkfish. Many ways to evaluate metals on fish using toxicity assessment, such as observing growth and mortality. In most cases, those parameters are not sensitive enough to evaluate and too late to read the risk. A biomarker is able to detect the effect of slightest heavy metal concentration exposure in organism. Biomarker will find a potential risk and provide the early warning. Therefore, the aims of this study are to find out the accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in milkfish after exposed to polluted water and to compare two cellular biomarker methods, i.e. Glutathione (GSH) and Lysosomal Destabilization (LyD) bioassays in reflecting the extent of metal accumulation in milkfish. Juvenile milkfish were exposed to increasing metal concentrations of contaminants, i.e. Cu and Cd for determining concentrations. Two biomarker methods were compared after 20 days chronic toxicity test. Four fish from each replicate were randomly selected every 5 days. Muscle, liver and gill tissues were taken from three fish for GSH analysis, while the liver from one fish was used for LyD analysis. Elimination phase was conducted in the five last days by removing all contaminants and exposed with clean water. The result showed that the lower contaminant concentration detected by biomarker, the more sensitive the biomarker is. Gill and muscle were the most sensitive organs for GSH method to detect Cu and Cd contaminant respectively. By using LyD assay, liver was more sensitive to evaluate Cd rather than Cd. GSH and LyD method is an efficient biomarker to evaluate the risk of Cu and Cd exposure by using gill, muscle, and liver in 5 days.

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